Best programmable drone 2019 6 km up to 8 km. Plus, the RubiQ comes with all the parts and tools needed for building it as well as hard copies of the building plans. And these drones already come with a software development kit (SDK) or Jan 10, 2021 · The best micro drones in 2021 feature some of the coolest advancements in modern drone technology! Tiny nano drones now feature high definition cameras and are built with durability in mind. Jul 26, 2019 · ESPcopter is a unique ESP8266-based, small-sized drone that is wirelessly networkable, interactive and programmable. DJI is working to combine advanced technology and STEAM education, and Tello EDU is a new programmable drone specialized for STEAM. Jul 16, 2024 · In the realm of modern technology, programmable drones have revolutionized the way we view and interact with the world around us. com. These typically include things like one-button takeoff/landing and one-key return to home (RTH). Surprised no one has mentioned it yet but I have a Emlid Navio2. Crypto Jan 11, 2019 · You can build a drone and put on a flight controller to handle just about any task, but the price tag will match. These interactive sessions offer undergraduates and students an immersive opportunity to engage directly with cutting-edge UAV technology, fostering practical skills in drone operation and programming. Top 5 Best Educational Drones Crazyflie Drone in the DroneBlocks Autonomous Drones Level II Kit. Sep 11, 2023 · By having these key features, programmable drones empower you to explore the endless possibilities of drone programming. 4 out of 5 stars 1,144 Feb 24, 2025 · This drone's predecessor, the DJI Mini 3 Pro, had a massive effect when it arrived in May 2022 – it redefined what DJI was doing with the ultra-light category, bringing some collision sensors and a 4K 60fps camera which could physically rotate to vertical mode (a feature still not equalled by much bigger craft). The other did not. com Kennedy Martinez kennedy@dronethusiast. Now that we have a basic understanding of the open source drone software stack, let’s actually start drone coding with python dronekit! Learn drone programming with python and open source software by using the open source firmware of ArduPilot!In this drone programming course, we cover the co May 5, 2022 · Most drones use a 2. Ideal for a class of 5 - 15 students. Crypto Jan 13, 2019 · 2. If you’re a young coder who just wants to learn how to program a drone to fly in different ways, and is not too concerned with all the extras, then the Robolink CoDrone Mini ist eine großartige Drohne, die Jul 4, 2019 · Best Programmable Drone - Programming - Nairaland. The pi would communicate with the pix via the secondary telem port/uart Apr 19, 2021 · Some of the best consumer-level heavy lift drones carry above 40 lbs, and Norwegian company Griff Aviation has recently introduced a drone that can carry over 400 lbs! How much weight can a drone carry? A popular and frequently-used drone such as the Dji Phantom 4 can carry 1. Feb 8, 2021 · You don’t have to worry about extending your budget to buy a drone with a great GPS system either. Here, we have Buy DJI Mini 4K, Drone with 4K UHD Camera for Adults, Under 249 g, 3-Axis Gimbal Stabilization, 10km Video Transmission, Auto Return, Wind Resistance, 1 Battery for 31-Min Max Flight Time, Intelligent Flight: Quadcopters & Multirotors - Amazon. The controller is the brain of your drone and of course, the smarter your “brain” is, the smarter your drone will be. Instead, look for drones that (1) work with classroom technology like Chromebooks or Windows computers, and (2) come with a controller for piloting. Its intuitive setup process and robust performance make it an excellent choice for both professional and hobbyist drone pilots. I'm looking at building a relatively inexpensive indoor programmable Jan 1, 2025 · The best drone right now – at least, the one we like the most – is DJI's Mini 4 Pro. Robolink CoDrone Lite & Pro – STEAM Educational Sep 15, 2020 · This allows direct control of the drone right from a python script, so any MAVLink drone is therefore a programmable drone. Manufacturers are pushing boundaries and bringing new technology and functionality at affordable prices. It’s a great way to introduce your child to coding! Best of all, the CoDrone Mini comes with free online lessons. Some programmable drones are available for you to buy. Which is programmable and can possibly do what you want. It may not be the best drone in windy conditions but it flies beautifully in good weather. Get your own PlutoX at/strong> The PlutoX Aerial Robotics Kit is a unique new drone that is b IZI Spectra Drone with Camera 4K HDR Cinematic, 1" CMOS sensor,102 Min Flight, 22KMs Video transmission, 3-Axis Gimbal, GPS drone, Omni obstacle sensor,1 key RTH, 2 Batteries HILLSTAR GPS Brushless Motors Foldable Remote Control Drone with Camera 4k HD Wide Angle Lens Advance GPS Positioning System with 1. Lower frequencies, like 1. SwagDrone 150-UP RTF Racing Drone Kit | Best Value. Bonus points if that controller is programmable! Mar 28, 2019 · It is designed specifically for robotics, and has two programmable PRUs for real-time demanding computations, making it a great choice for drones. Huntsatgarmincom 1738785728 Top Sellers, 53% Discount, huntsatgarmin. Aug 12, 2019 · - Mon Aug 12, 2019 12:34 am #83429 What is the best way to experiment with drones? One could purchase a large and expensive model, and potentially end up damaging it, property, or even themselves, or you could go for miniature drones that can be purchased cheaply and won’t cause as much destruction when they crash, but aren’t very capable. Qubebots is committed to enriching educational experiences through hands-on workshops featuring our innovative XFly drone. It stands up quite well to crashes too. So we invested in creating another robotics kit, and in 2016, we raised $230K on Kickstarter and launched our first programmable drone: the CoDrone Pro. Mar 12, 2018 · Buy Ryze Tech Tello - Mini Drone Quadcopter UAV for Kids Beginners 5MP Camera HD720 Video 13min Flight Time Education Scratch Programming Toy Selfies, powered by DJI, White: Quadcopters & Multirotors - Amazon. Inspired by this competition, other international competitions were launched: the AlphaPilot organised by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with the Drone Racing League, and the Game of Drones, organised by Microsoft and Stanford University. That’s the basic process of critical thinking. Not cheap though. drones, fitness equipment, nutrition and outdoor gear. As the demand for the best programmable drones continues to rise, navigating through the myriad of options available can <a title="Unleashing Creativity Apr 2, 2020 · Last year we finalized our best 5” class ArduCopter quad, ready to be driven by our inhouse swarm GCS for drone light show. Jan 14, 2021 · Robolink’s goal is to make fun and approachable robotics kits that bring computer science to life and teach real industry competency. start 2014-2 800×533 363 KB Our fleet of light performing copters is based on our optimized and finest design that every day has proven its abilities at work. Feb 20, 2019 · Now, once assembled, one drone paired right up to the remote. Crisp air and clear skies can present many flight opportunities and quality air time. Editor’s Rating: 4. We tried our best to include all the required details in this documentation, and we also included all the resources we have come across so that Learn how to use the programmable PlutoX quadcopter. The Best Drones of 2021; 9 Best Drone Kits for Beginners ; STEM: Drones and Programming ; Best DJI drone 2022: the 10 best models ; The best programmable drones for ; Best Drones For Beginners In 2021; 6 Best Follow Me Drones (With Video ; The Best Drones for 2022 | PCMag; Top 15 drones to buy in 2020 - buyer's ; Top 5 Best Programmable Drones Basic programmable drones Hi there. Nov 25, 2016 · Best Affordable Drones To Own In 2019 That Actually Provide Usable Camera Footage GADGETS Use The Lume Cube Strobe To Give Your Drone 360-Degree Visibility Even In The Dark Nov 9, 2019 · A lot of drones are fully-autonomous but this one gives more control back to the pilot. CoDrone EDU: The programmable drone designed for learning! Made for education, both home & in school, the CoDrone EDU, is perfect for children to get excited to learn. On top of the usual mini-drone features, users can also deploy development modules to add custom features or program ESPcopter as they wish. They will fall out of the sky within a month. com I am looking for an affordable programmable drone kit (DIY) for a student project. Best IZI Camera Drones Under ₹5,000 Syma Camera Drones Under ₹5,000 SUPER TOY Camera Jan 27, 2025 · A drone kit is one of the best programmable drone kits available and is typically an SDK that you can download on your android smartphone. If you’re a young coder who just wants to learn how to program a drone to fly in different ways, and is not too concerned with all the extras, then the Robolink CoDrone Mini is een geweldige drone die je Aug 11, 2021 · The best programmable drones for research include the DJI collaboration drone the Ryze Tello, and also other programmable drones such as the parrot mambo mini drone and the DJI Matrice series drones. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases May 17, 2024 · By best programmable drones, I mean the best of those drones that allow third-party programming and development tools to be implemented. Apr 24, 2021 · Professional drones offer amazing features like retractable landing, gimbals, 4k video and much more. Sep 14, 2024 · COEX Clover – Open Source Programmable Drone kit. If you’re a young coder who just wants to learn how to program a drone to fly in different ways, and is not too concerned with all the extras, then the Robolink CoDrone Mini is a great drone you can buy. Aug 9, 2021 · But the problem with there being several models to choose from is that it’s difficult to choose one from the other. Here is my list of the best programmable drones that you can use to enhance and support STEM education. Nevertheless, it’s an affordable option that snaps together in less than an hour and doesn’t require any complex wire cutting or soldering. Whether you’re a hobbyist looking to experiment with creative flight patterns or a professional seeking to push the boundaries of aerial cinematography, programmable drones provide you with the tools and functionalities to take your drone flying experience to new heights. Programmable drones are unmanned aerial vehicles with the ability to be controlled and automated using software and coding. The Crazyflie open source flying development platform comes with a 27 g nano drone that fits your hand’s palm. here are the best programmable drone kits that you should seriously consider if you want to build your drone and program its flight pattern or artificial intelligence. It has the longest flight time (13 minutes), a good camera, intelligent flight modes, and it’s programmable. Recommend 2 students to 1 drone, with a drone or two for the teacher. Buying a excellent programmable drone entails research and to ensure making the right selection, so we want to help you to accomplish this job with success. We have a decent sized budget to spend on drones, but need to be able to program the drones for our performance. May 13, 2019 · Best Drones for Beginners, 2019. So, which are the best budget drones? The DJI Ryze Tello is the best drone you can find for less than $150. 6/5. È ottimale per i principianti e per i bambini, in quanto è molto semplice da usare: è dotato di un sistema di Nov 9, 2019 · I’ve researched the most sought-after long distance drones so you can pick from the best. His byline appears in Business, Economics, and Finance. Jan 1, 2021 · The Anafi is a fast and agile drone that has a modular design from the outset. Drones can be programmed visually via a Blockly programming interface, Arduino, and more, allowing for experimentation and study on the emerging world of drone technology. The best part about DroneKit is that it’s open-source and free. The 5 Best Programmable Drones for STEM Education. The review format is honest and doesn’t contain any confusing language. It’s programmable in Blockly and Python. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases Mar 23, 2021 · In this way, students are engaged in experiential learning, make thoughtful risks, persist in problem-solving, and work through the creative process. Feb 10, 2021 · Waterproof Drones – Get a Look Under the Water. This drone is the first-ever programmable drone that was designed to teach programming. com or get Fast & Free Shipping from their Website at Altairaerial. Code this drone to fly in patterns, control LEDs, and even do flips. It does have less compute power than the Navio2+Raspberry Pi combination, as it only has 1 CPU core, but again the PRUs help to make up for this. It has been created by Metehan Emlik, a Turkish engineer. Understanding Programmable Drones. It empowers educators to provide a dynamic, engaging, and relevant learning experience, preparing students for a world where technology and coding are integral. They were the first to make a programmable educational drone which is CoDrone Pro, their best selling programmable drone kit. Take a look at our comprehensive list to discover what mini drone is best for you! Sep 26, 2019 · Continued adoption of commercial drones depends on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that enable them to meet these regulatory requirements while also solving size, power, and reliability challenges; eliminating the risk of high-altitude radiation-related failures; and protecting against a growing range of cyber threats. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. As long as you’re knowledgeable about high-level programming, you can easily use it to create an android application to control your drone. My list in this guide includes drones with flight ranges from 0. 2). More complex drones, starting at less than $1,000, offer customizable and programmable Feb 10, 2025 · The best cheap drones prove that drone flying and drone photography don’t have to be expensive pursuits. Having an end goal in mind helps us help you. It Both Tello and Tello EDU are made by Shenzhen Ryze Technology and incorporate DJI flight control technology and Intel processors. Without GPS it will take more equipment to make it follow a flight plan. Crypto Schools began purchasing our kits more and more, looking for kits that could teach STEM and coding without just staring at a screen. Despite being released more than 3 years ago CoDrone Mini is a Python-coding mini-drone that makes coding approachable for everyone. The Crazyflie Drone is part of the DroneBlocks Classroom Bundle, a STEM drone kit designed for classrooms of all skill May 17, 2024 · Tutta la Drone acrobatico Sky Viper Fury è un meraviglioso drone programmabile che utilizza un firmware di controllo spesso usato per le corse di droni. Below we will see the best educational drones on the market, drone kits and their features. 2 gHz, give you better range, but are illegal in many states because those are the same frequencies used by commercial aircraft. >>Check Price on Amazon Now<< Verdict: Which is the Best Programmable Drone for STEM education Aug 15, 2024 · Compatible Devices: Beware drones that require a not-so-classroom-friendly smartphone or tablet. May 23, 2019 · The drone API is really great and it supports controlling motors, direction, speed, etc. View on Amazon. Python Drone Programming. The drone itself would pair up to a phone or the other remote, but no matter how many times I tried, one of the remotes would not pair to a drone. It is equipped with an Intel Movidis Myriad 2 VPU processor, a stabilisation system and a rechargeable 1100 mAh battery that allows it to fly for up to 13 minutes. She has years of experience reviewing drones and other tech products. . Kennedy Martinez is a resident writer who joined Dronethusiast at the beginning of 2019. Any tips / links are much appreciated as we have no experience whatsoever with drones yet and in older threads I found the specs were different These are the specs we need: - Linux - programmable - probably ARM CPU and 512 MB RAM - Wifi We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The AA300 – Cheapest GPS Drone. Some say it works well, has a sturdy build, and the camera works. Choosing the best flight controller for your drone is an essential piece of the DIY process. Dec 1, 2021 · Robolink CoDrone Pro – Best drone for learning to develop drone programs. It’s a raspberry pi hat that works with a modified Linux distro that is real time. Crazyflie systems. We are hoping to be able to get the drone(s) to perform something like: At 0:00 the drones fly up and hover at 10 feet. It is a carbon copy of the DJI Mini 2 SE, only it comes with higher resolution Feb 15, 2024 · The centerpiece of a drone is its controller. Any kid who wants to learn how to fly a drone—rather than just watch it fly—should consider the UDI U818A. US 2019/0176987 A1, 2019) states that in the case of a fire outbreak, AI when applied to the development of drone applications with sensors, are capable of conveying fire extinguishing drones to the fire outbreak location (Fig. com There’s also no way to code this drone and is purely to understand the mechanics. 5 days ago · Hubsan X4 H107C 4CH 2MP Camera Drone ₹3,363: Feb, 2019: Read More. While there are plenty of dazzlingly expensive drones out there, they tend to be geared toward pros, or at least pretty serious creators (there are even models specifically for film crews). A drone from the Parrot Mambo line is perfect for this purpose, as these mini-drones are among the most stable and easiest to fly in the market. ZellLionHeart 18 January 2019 13:29 May 18, 2021 · So, aside from learning the basic programming languages that are often used for both low-level and high-level drone programming, what you need to do to start drone programming is to get yourself a programmable drone. It’s a ready-to-fly (RTF) RC racing drone, and that means there’s no assembly or extras to buy. (2019) 4 x Ryze Tech Propellers for Tello (Set of 4) Ryze May 8, 2018 · The best drones for photographers of 2025; The best travel drones of 2025; The best drones for beginners; The best drones for kids in 2025; The best DJI drones under $500; The best, cheap practice drones for beginners under $200; The best follow-me drone for tracking sports like skateboarding, biking; The best indoor drones of 2025; The best Business, Economics, and Finance. He joined T3 in 2019. If you are serious about programming drones it’s probably best to build your own by using open source software and hardware. 6. We review the best professional drones available for real estate, agriculture, surveillance, surveying, and aerial photograph! Read why you should add these drones to your business today! Sep 29, 2020 · The Parrot Mambo Fly is the drone that perfectly complements the Parrot Education program, a movement by the drone brand to revolutionize education by bringing more drones to the classroom. May 17, 2024 · By best programmable drones, I mean the best of those drones that allow third-party programming and development tools to be implemented. Ready to fly right out of the box, children can fly, dive, and do flips, then learn how to create their own custom code. 10 Best Drones For Education, Code And Configure. I programmatori possono quindi far fare a questo drone tutto e il contrario di tutto, semplicemente attingendo al suo sistema. 1. If you want to learn to code, Jan 9, 2019 · This is just the nature of the industry, as market-ready drones are typically pre-equipped with all the gear and features for its intended purpose. Best GPS Drones . Sep 1, 2021 · The first Autonomous Drone Racing (ADR) was launched in the IEEE IROS 2016, and continued to be organised in IROS 2017, 2018 and 2019. EDIT: The racing drone should have great indoor performance but probably not Follow Me or a pre-programmable flight plan. I sent an email off to Robolink asking for assistance, and did some Google Fu. It has a durable and safe frame, programmable lights, and access to 7 sensors. The Best Value pick goes to the SWAGTRON SwagDrone 210-UP. Crazyflie Nano Drone – DroneBlocks If you’re looking for a programmable drone for sale that enhances STEM education, the Crazyflie Nano Drone is a top choice, offering interactive coding experiences for students and hobbyists. Posted by u/maaalex - 2 votes and 3 comments Jan 14, 2019 · Could you please define the level of programmable you need? Basic auto pilot, GPS navigation, or full blown LIDAR and optical sensors and auto mapping and navigation? As for customizable, what is your project? You can build a drone and put on a flight controller to handle just about any task, but the price tag will match. Not only are the core settings easy to access and tinker with, there are even physical modules that can be added and combined. Business, Economics, and Finance. Jan 11, 2017 · Looking through Indiegogo and Kickstarter, one thing is clear, drones are becoming increasingly popular with unique features, designs, and styles being introduced in the market every other day. DJI bucks this trend with the Matrice 100: a fully customizable and programmable drone that can be used across different industries and applications. The better the controller is, the better the flying experience is for the drone operator. Others mention it worked for barely an hour and never flew again, with issues like the camera stopping after 4 flights, the motors not working out of the box, or the product being dead right out of the box. May 10, 2022 · DJI Avata 2 (Drone Only), FPV Drone with Camera 4K, Immersive Flight Experience, Built-in Propeller Guard, Easy Flip/Roll, Super-Wide 155° FOV, Compatible with RC Motion 3, FAA Remote ID Compliant 4. Updated: February 10, 2021 The fall and winter months are still great months for drone enthusiasts. If you wish to discover more information on programmable drone, then you definitely came on the right web. Pluto DIY Nano Drone Kit Drona Aviation. These cutting-edge devices offer not only entertainment but also a platform for innovation and creativity. Jun 13, 2023 · The Ryze Tello is the best DIY drone kit with a camera for kids or people who want to learn to code. Sphero makes remarkably cool, programmable robots and STEAM-based educational tools that transform the way kids learn, create and invent through coding, science, music, and the arts. Getting Started 2-hour PD course: Unbox the drone and learn the ins and outs of all the features and specifications Mar 29, 2025 · The DJI N3 Flight Controller stands out in the market with its advanced flight control algorithms and integrated GPS capabilities. Jan 29, 2025 · Here are the best drones based on design, ease of use, camera quality, durability and flight time. Feb 13, 2024 · Look for drones that give students real-time scenarios to engage in the problem-solving process while delving into the measurements found in the drone movements. It even comes with an FPV camera. It’s like writing about a more conventional battery-operated drone Other expansion modules consists of a NeoPixel-style programmable LED ring, and a buzzer, enabling you interact with people or the environment from a distance. See the best price on Amazon. May 17, 2024 · Last update on 2025-02-05 at 11:32 / #ad / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API. These compact and flexible drones allow you to enjoy aerial photography and explore acrobatics in the air. The cheapest drone I would suggest to anyone is the DJI tello. It includes several free online tutorials and has a programmable remote. Feb 6, 2017 · Respected Members, I have just started working on my final year project which is selfie drone i need a programmable mini drone kit for that which can interface with a smart phone too and with a camera i will do digital image processing on the microcontroller interfaced with the camera to localize and get the best image after enhancing the camera features So kindly guide me which platform i Drones are now a gateway to the future of education. See full list on propelrc. Shop Best Buy for electronics, computers, appliances, cell phones, video games & more new tech. The Raspberry Pi drone kit from Drone Dojo is the most comprehensive training tool you could possibly find for learning how to build a drone and program it using Raspberry Pi, which is a popular line of small, single-board computers about the size of a credit card used among STEM classrooms Aug 18, 2023 · The Best Programmable Drones – Buyer’s Guide Reviews Ryze Tello – Best programmable drone for young children Price: Check latest price at Amazon here; The Ryze Tello is perhaps the best-known and most popular programmable drone for beginners on the market. Embrace the future of STEM education and inspire your students with the art of coding through the thrill of autonomous drones. Mar 7, 2024 · If you can’t get your hands on a DJI Tello anymore, check out this list of the best educational drones you can buy instead. Jan 1, 2020 · For example, the (United States Patent No. Jun 12, 2019 · The best drone for learning to build and code (if you’re on a tight budget): Raspberry Pi Drone Kit. To buy a RubiQ drone, head to our store! You can build something around the mini pix (like $45 on amazon) and raspberry pi zero w. Apart from all the bugs and lack of docs, overall PlutoX drone is a great platform to learn and program drones. 4 gHz radio frequency, which can give you up to 1500 meters in the best possible conditions. I took my kids to a coding workshop the other day, which had some cool little Parrot flying Mini Drones, and a slick programming interface through an iPad app called Tynker. Jan 14, 2019 · Hello – My school is interested in putting on a 5 minute performance (play) that would include programmable drones. Apr 5, 2022 · The best programmable drone kits. All my drone guides take a different approach to others online. Last edited: Jan 30, 2019 Drone Tello Edu: a programmable drone for beginners If you want to explore the basic functionality of drone programming, the DJI Tello is ideal. Drone manufacturers are growing so fast with new and amazing projects. Best Drones For Education To Build, Learn To Code And Configure DroneZon. Best feature 1: Ready-to-Fly (RTF) FPV Racing Kit May 2, 2019 · Best feature 1: Fast top speed; Best feature 2: Amazing range; Plus points: Decent payload, next-generation GPS, programmable LEDs, lift up legs, WiFi; Minus points: High price (potentially), noisy; This two-stroke combustion engine hybrid quadcopter project is so refreshing. The RubiQ is best for upper elementary, middle, or high school students and offers a sturdy option for bringing drones into the classroom. 02 lbs as a safe, and everyday payload. Def the best option for a programmable Drone that I’ve seen so far. A good beginner drone is affordable, crash resistant, and sports several novice-friendly features. Using information available, combined with skills acquired, can help make good decisions. Nairaland Forum / Science/Technology / Programming / Best Programmable Drone (791 Views) Programmable Logic Controller PLC / Omooo, See Drone! / Drone Flying; Where Can I Learn In Lagos (1) Customers have mixed reviews about the drone's functionality. Apr 5, 2020 · Updated: April 5, 2020 Table of Contents FAQ About Autonomous Drones Yuneec Typhoon H Pro Outlaw SE – Best Budget Autonomous Drone Altair AA300 DJI Inspire 2 Parrot Bebop 2 AirDog Drone 3DR Solo Top Drones With Autonomous Flight A lot of people are intimidated by drones because they feel that they are complicated to Mar 27, 2025 · First time buyers can't go wrong with the Mini 4K – it is the best budget drone you can buy at under $300 / £300. May 16, 2019 - This is a bit of a long shot but I'm sure there's some wisdom out here for this. You will not really find any good drone for less than $300. Jul 17, 2023 · The Best Programmable Drones for STEM Programs 1. The drones you may be looking at on amazon that say "4k, obstacle avoidance, >x mph wind resistance" are just marketing. Store pickup & free 2-day shipping on thousands of items. 2 Kms Range, 25 Mins Flight Time & with Он невероятно легкий; 80 граммов, хотя это означает, что любые тестовые полеты на открытом воздухе должны проходить в безветренных условиях, так как он не может справиться с ветром выше 5 миль в час. These are some of the best drones under 500 that come equipped with these great features. dmhlmxbzftzzndojxhuoonlqlushrytiexsuppwcuueundphzdueqevqjzrwpianciurruzqyhmiiwbcnxpwas