Cobalt shortage 2020 Most of the world's cobalt supply are found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Central African Copperbelt. Jul 1, 2021 · CRU forecasts cobalt demand from electric vehicles to account for more than 120,000 tonnes, or nearly 45% of the total, by 2025 compared with nearly 39,000 tonnes, or 27%, in 2020. Cobalt is not the only one dealing with the resin problem. that their need for cobalt was likely to triple from 2020 to 2025, BMW negotiated a five-year contract with Managem, a Moroccan mining group. copper-cobalt concentrate from historic mine tailings and was building a hydrometallurgical processing plant near the mine site. I picked up a boat trailer last week and the trailer builder said many manufactures are in the Feb 12, 2019 · The cobalt market is a market that has frequent supply shortages and crises. Such demand cannot be met with the current cobalt mining capacity and, while progress in cobalt recycling can indeed significantly alleviate long-term supply risks, shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term without a boost in primary cobalt supply (Zeng et al. To comprehensively examine how China’s cobalt industry developed and evolved from 2000 to 2021, our study quantified cobalt flows, stocks and the recycling potential of cobalt from China’s urban cobalt mines using dynamic material flow analysis. car sector. Cobalt resources, too, grapple with the threat of a supply crunch under the high-demand growth scenario. 13 per cent of cobalt was used to manufacture nickel-based alloys, with the remaining thirty per cent split across end use applications such as tool materials, pigments, catalysts, magnets and others (Cobalt Institute, 2021). 9–174. Most U. Oct 1, 2020 · MDB: Tell me more about Cobalt supply. Recycling of cobalt waste will reduce the cobalt supply and demand gap therefore is critical for sustainable resource use. One of the drivers for the projected cobalt shortage is the expected increase in penetration of electric vehicles and their related lithium-ion batteries. China dominates the production of rare-earth elements (63%) and, effectively, controls 80% of the global supply chain of these materials. Cobalt prices have already tripled between 2016 and 201 and, since they 8 potentially decreasing between 2020 and 2030, when Mar 1, 2022 · The highest consumption of cobalt by 2050 is observed in the Scen 2D with a continuing increase of the car-dependencies (BAU mobility) with a hypothesis of battery technologies with a high cobalt content (High cobalt scenario). , 2018; Junne et al. The bluish-grey element will be in short supply from 2025 […] chemistry are likely to influence future cobalt demand. Cobalt-60 output from the US Department of Energy's Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) has been delayed from the end of 2019 until the second quarter of 2021. While cobalt substitutes do exist, they are nowhere near as effective. In addition, the price of cobalt tripled from 2016 to 2018, mainly due to a shortage in the supply of imported cobalt ore from the DRC due to increased demand for cobalt for Oct 1, 2019 · We show that cobalt-free batteries and recycling progress can indeed significantly alleviate long-term cobalt supply risks. At the same time, it indicates that the cobalt and nickel shortage phenomenon will become the most severe from 2040 to 2042. Is Canada rich in cobalt? In 2020, Newfoundland and Labrador produced some 1,510 metric tons of cobalt. g. Cobalt supply constrained Cobalt supply growth in copper/nickel by-product will average 3 -4% to 2020. To some extent, these efforts even ended up being too successful. The UK imports cobalt in several forms, chiefly scrap. However, innovation takes time, and even a short-term export restriction or more general shortage can create the bottleneck effect that concerns me here. The London Metal Exchange reported that lithium prices surged by over 400% from 2020 to 2022. It is real. 9% compound annual growth in current world cobalt production A similar story, but to a lesser extent, occurred for cobalt when in 2010 the end sector split for the 71 kt of refined equivalent cobalt demand approximated to: 25 percent batteries, 23 percent super alloys, 17 percent tools and hard materials. Mar 15, 2022 · New study finds cobalt-free batteries and recycling progress can significantly alleviate long-term cobalt supply risks, however a cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium intermediate, mostly crude cobalt hydroxide (and mostly in the DRC). Jan 1, 2023 · And there are also some illegal cobalt mining and unauthorized cobalt trading activities due to the imperfection of Congolese legal regulations (Katz-Lavigne, 2020). Nov 24, 2021 · Cobalt metal prices are expected to remain supported for the remainder of 2021 as logistical pressures persist, but are then expected to fall 8. The spot price of cobalt has climbed about 20 percent since 31 December to $38,520 a ton on 21 January, the Journal noted. Acquire suppliers or invest in new sources to ensure access to critical resources. The silvery metal, a byproduct of copper mining, is in demand for the lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles but shortages could delay the transition to green motoring. Nickel sulfate prices saw a 55% rise in price, and lithium Dec 1, 2021 · Recent evaluations the of market concentrations of critical metals suggest that cobalt is a high-risk market prone to international supply shortages (Shedd et al. Access to these elements, known as technology metals, is crucial for combating climate In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the potential supply risks of critical battery materials, such as cobalt, for electric mobility transitions. Source: CRU Sep 1, 2023 · Meeting the projected cobalt demand of just the U. , 2020). Where feasible, build new Nov 22, 2018 · A cobalt shortage could undermine attempts to bring electric cars to the market, suppliers are warning auto-manufacturers. likelihood that there will be cobalt shortages in the future, it is almost certain that DRC will play a central role in electric vehicle energy transitions. Sep 15, 2022 · The rapid consumption of cobalt resources has resulted in challenges to the sustainable development of China's cobalt industry and environmental protection (Chen et al. Shedd [(703) 648–4974, kshedd@usgs. The cobalt market responded swiftly to the DRC’s export ban, as evidenced by a sharp increase in prices. This paper looks at the changes in the cobalt market from the period of the 1970s to 2018 to gain insights into how the cobalt market is responding and adjusting to periods of supply shortages. Current trends suggest a shortage of raw cobalt in the future: the current capacity to Jan 17, 2025 · Supplementary Table 1 outlines key assumptions regarding the EV penetration rate among new vehicles from 2020 to will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages. Consumers who purchase EVs without (or with less Feb 22, 2020 · Updated, 2-24-20, 10:10am ET: An earlier version of this article incorrectly said Mercedes had cut its 2020 production goals. Hope im not being repetitive but stems from the Texas freeze and now am hearing a shortage of truck drivers is effecting the entire shipping industry. Figure 1: Flowchart of the cobalt supply chain, 2020 Jan 11, 2022 · In 2020, Tesla announced that it would be transitioning to lithium iron phosphate batteries in its cars to avoid cobalt altogether (although, given that lithium itself is also experiencing shortages, this strategy will also need to work in tandem with efficient e-waste recycling to be effective). Unless a viable substitute is found cobalt demand will continue to rise. ” As a result, lithium-ion battery recycling “takes on added importance,” says IDTechEx. Particular concern has arisen due to the potential large increase in the need for cobalt in lithium-ion batteries for Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a magnetic and lustrous steel grey metal possessing similar properties to iron and nickel in terms of hardness, tensile strength, machinability, thermodynamic properties, and electrochemistry. Clockwise from left: Gammacell irradiator in which N95 mask was tested. Mar 6, 2022 · The research group estimates cobalt shortages could arise from the mid-to-late 2020s, “with bottlenecks also expected to arise for lithium, and possibly other [battery] materials as well. , 2022); in contrast, some scholars have demonstrated that the widespread global deployment of Sep 10, 2018 · “Cobalt is a by-product of both copper and nickel. COBALT (Data in metric tons of contained cobalt unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2022, the nickel-copper Eagle Mine in Michigan produced cobalt-bearing nickel Mar 1, 2023 · However, it is speculated that the battery cathode technological innovation and the development of cobalt-free batteries will decrease the cobalt supply risk and reduce the potential for future shortages (Zeng et al. Sep 1, 2022 · Moreover, the forecasted market balance for cobalt projects a small surplus in 2020 (EU Commission, 2014) and a very high level of risk of cobalt shortage by 2050 (Sun et al. Demand for cobalt has grown significantly due to the increasing popularity of electric vehicles, and lithium-ion batteries accounted for 57% of the global consumption of cobalt in 2020 (Cobalt Nov 20, 2021 · But as more electric vehicles are produced by more automakers worldwide, the International Energy Agency expects a cobalt shortage by 2030, based on an analysis of existing mines and those under Nov 5, 2019 · Industry projections estimate that there will be a cobalt shortage around 2025, the same year that companies anticipate that mineral sales from deep sea sources will begin. 20). , 2021; Simon et al. Aug 21, 2024 · The battery sector accounted for 73% of the 200,000 tons of cobalt used last year, according to the Cobalt Institute, which notes that electric vehicles alone now support around 45% of the market. which will ease the material shortage. Although cobalt-free lithium ferrophosphate (LFP) batteries arrived on the market in 2020 and next-generation cobalt-free battery technologies are scheduled to be commercialized by 2030, the authors still forecast a demand-supply mismatch in 2028–2033. 20 % Planned mine expansions have helped ease the supply pinch, with leading cobalt producers Glencore and China Molybdenum expected to up production at Democratic Republic of Congo mine sites. 3% annually between 2020 and 2035 (faster than the 3–4% growth rate from 2011 to 2020 (USGS, 2021)). These refined chemicals are important Dec 1, 2022 · Consider the chips shortage experienced by the auto industry following Covid-19 in late 2020, which at the time of writing was expected to continue through 2023 or even 2024. This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy transition minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. ” Without new operations commencing by 2020 at a significant volume, shortages could begin by 2022. Source: CRU. A significant disparity is observed in lithium resources across all supply-demand scenarios, underscoring the looming shortage risk. The major driver for this growth was the demand for cobalt in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. May 17, 2022 · Tesla said in 2020 it was trying to insulate itself from potential cobalt shortages by moving to nickel-only cathodes. Many new and efficient technologies require ‘critical metals’ to function. But does such a shortage really exist, and what is the impact on EV prices? The electrification of transport will increase the demand of raw materials used in batteries, especially lithium and cobalt. Jun 26, 2020 · The prolonged shortage of raw cobalt materials since 2017 had initiated the rampant price reduction, and Tesla began heavily investing in cobalt-less batteries to reduce dependency, though raw cobalt materials remain to be the necessary resources for the expansion of electric vehicle companies in the next few years due to the required R&D Dec 10, 2024 · Increased raw material costs are a primary concern for battery manufacturers. In 2020 Yan et al. May 1, 2020 · Most of the mined cobalt production in 2016 (67 %) is from stratiform sediment hosted Cu-Co deposits, followed by Ni-Co laterite deposits (21 %) and magmatic Ni-Cu (Co- PGE) sulfide deposits (10 %) and finally by Polymetallic (Ag-Ni-Co-As-Bi) cobalt rich vein (2 %). Oct 1, 2020 · However, the cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term (during 2028-2033), even under the most technologically optimistic scenario. Superalloys, which are used to make parts for gas turbine engines, are another major use for cobalt. The prices of lithium and cobalt more than doubled in 2021, and those for copper, nickel and aluminium all rose by around 25% to 40%. , HS 2822. The Cobaltchat. produced by General Motors (NYSE: GM ) in response to a cobalt shortage which forced the company to find a substitute for samarium-cobalt magnets. Fortune is developing a cobalt-gold-bismuth-copper mining and refinery project in Mar 15, 2022 · New study finds cobalt-free batteries and recycling progress can significantly alleviate long-term cobalt supply risks, however a cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium However, the cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term (during 2028-2033), even under the most technologically optimistic scenario. In addition to the mining companies themselves, AI-enabled companies may also have significant roles to play in the development of mining operations. These results Feb 9, 2016 · When simulating a hypothetical sudden supply dropout in Africa during the period 2020–2035, we found that shortages in cobalt supply might occur in such scenarios. This is not an isolated case. Lithium and cobalt serve key functions in battery cathodes and electrolytes. com web forum provides an active community for owners of Cobalt Boats to share advice on using, buying, servicing, and enjoying Cobalt boats Demand for cobalt in electric vehicle batteries is expected to grow by over 400% by 2020 and 1,100% by 2025! This new energy metal is critical. However, other reports say that the cobalt supply won't be able to meet the increased demand as Battery technology and recycling alone will not save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages Apr 28, 2021 · Lithium market to move into deficit by 2025 Cobalt market to move into deficit by 2024, even if Mutanda restarts Lithium and cobalt demand growth to be led by global PEV sales The global lithium marke Mar 10, 2024 · In many of these studies, the cobalt levels are confirmed to be sufficient for meeting the growing cobalt demand throughout the remainder of the 21st century (Helbig et al. Aug 1, 2023 · Lithium has the most risk of supply shortage, followed by cobalt, nickel has no risk. Not every copper deposit contains cobalt and not every nickel deposit contains cobalt,” explained Robin Goad, president and chief executive of Canada’s Fortune Minerals, a development stage mining company. Cobalt is one of only three naturally occurring magnetic metals (with iron and nickel). com web forum provides an active community for owners of Cobalt Boats to share advice on using, buying, servicing, and enjoying Cobalt boats Aug 21, 2023 · result in shortages of some battery materials in the coming years, particularly cobalt and lithium, which are two critical components used in lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the most widely used type • Cobalt is the key element within lithium-ion batteries – allowing them to produce more power and last for longer. 8 times of that in 2020. from 2020 to 2050 (Xu et al. Forecast cobalt shortage of 10-20Kt by 2020. This new contract secures 20% of BMW’s cobalt demand through 2025. Section of an irradiated N95 mask being loaded into the testing apparatus. S. Cobalt (Co) is a metal used in numerous diverse commercial, industrial, and military applications, many of which are strategic and critical. Oct 18, 2017 · Volkswagen’s failure to secure long-term cobalt supplies has highlighted concerns over one of the most precarious elements in the lithium-ion battery supply chain. Overall, the cobalt demand and supply forecasts may change if cobalt-free batteries become widely accepted; however show shortages beyond this point in time. Semiconductor shortages have impacted nearly all global auto manufacturers, creating production halts and backlogs. , 2021), cobalt, nickel(Ou et al cobalt (HS 2605. Dec. 00, HS 8105. While the Democratic Republic of Congo mines 70% of the world's supply of cobalt, China holds major financial ownership. Cobalt Blue tonnes are required for market balance in the longer term. Battery-makers have been able to reduce their cobalt reliance amid price and human rights concerns, but cobalt demand is still expected to increase in response to growing electric vehicle sales. Dec 9, 2020 · Shortages could also occur at a regional level, Fig. Apr 29, 2021 · As for the resin shortage. 3. China Controls The Production of REEs May 21, 2018 · “If capacity does not grow as planned, cobalt prices could continue to spike and there could be a major cobalt shortage,” said the analysts. However, the cobalt supply shortage appears inevitable in the short- to medium-term (during 2028-2033), even under the most technologically optimistic scenario. It is feared that this rapid growth will cause shortages, followed by rising prices of Seeking to solve a shortage. In this case, from 2020 to 2050, the annual cobalt consumption is expected to grow nine-fold to around 1360 kt. It seems there is no specific content available for the provided link. , 2015; Seck et al. While battery technology and recycling advancement are two widely acknowledged Nov 12, 2020 · The scarcity of cobalt supply must be addressed in transportation electrification. The total cobalt production in Canada amounted to around 4,279 metric tons that year. However, the study only considered the effects of lithium and cobalt mines, failing to comprehensively account for the various critical mineral resources required for LIB production and their Jan 24, 2020 · ERG suspends Zambia refinery on shortage of cobalt, copper concentrates January 24, 2020 January 24, 2020 arnbethnic Eurasia Resources Group’s (ERG) Africa unit said on Thursday it will suspend operations at Chambishi Metals in Zambia due to a shortage of copper and cobalt concentrates required to produce cathode. By 2017 batteries had increased its share of the 136 kt of refined equivalent cobalt apparent demand 2 As demand for electric vehicles increases, so does fear of a shortage of raw materials for its batteries. Another notable contributor to cobalt’s use in 2023 – equivalent to 4% of annual demand – was purchasing by China’s State Reserve Bureau (SRB), the first time strategic reserves have been added to since September 2020. Among them, ternary batteries (cobalt-containing power batteries) stand out in the market competition. , 2017; European Commission, 2020). Mar 25, 2020 · It reduced its production to 4,100 EV, some 1,600 short of its 2020 target. , 2020; Nguyen et al. Feb 14, 2024 · For instance, Yan et al. One of the Dec 8, 2021 · The IEA reported that there will be a cobalt shortage by 2030 due to China’s increased mining. Sep 29, 2021 · In 2020, the mine’s cobalt output totaled 15,436 tonnes, according to Market Intelligence data. , 2022). S which further supports cobalt use in niche defence and aerospace applications. In general, cobalt ores mined in the DRC are transported to refineries in China and other countries where they are processed into refined cobalt (e. Cobalt demand growth will average 9% to 2020. gov]. had sufficient stockpiles to meet domestic demand for five years. Mar 18, 2025 · The Immediate Effects on Cobalt Prices. “This would have serious implications on the electric vehicle market. 9–35. The expected shortage, caused by the forecast 2030 closure of Glencore’s Mount Isa copper smelter, will cause significant impacts for the region’s fertiliser, chemical, and A cobalt shortage already is hampering the auto production industry’s recovery, the Wall Street Journal reported last week. May 15, 2023 · Several countries regard cobalt as a critical material due to its extensive use in clean energy technology and high-tech industries. An estimated 42% of the cobalt consumed in the United May 18, 2022 · Prices of many minerals and metals that are essential for clean energy technologies have recently soared due to a combination of rising demand, disrupted supply chains and concerns around tightening supply. It accounted for 57% of the total cobalt consumption in 2020, followed by nickel-based alloys and tool materials (13% and 8% respectively). 3: Battery material flows from 2020 to 2050 for lithium, nickel, and cobalt in the NCX, LFP, and Li-S/Air battery scenarios. By 2020 forecasts suggest over three quarters of all such Cobalt supply constrained Cobalt supply growth in copper/nickel by-product will average 3-4% to 2020. 70 % of cobalt is produced as a by-product of African copper production. LDV fleet in 2035 would require world cobalt production to be scaled up by 7. Our results reveal varying cobalt supply security levels by region and indicate the urgency of boosting primary cobalt supply to ensure global e-mobility ambitions. For all three, Chinese mining firms have lifted production at a far more ferocious rate than The Cobaltchat. NaCl aerosol testing apparatus, built by Enze Tian (NSE), for testing N95 mask filtration efficiency. 0 kt, which is 20. Feb 19, 2020 · Lithium-ion battery demand, particularly for electric vehicles, is projected to increase by over 300% throughout the next decade. Increased extraction and secondary recovery form the basis of modeling scenarios that constraints eased, cobalt supply growth continued and demand stumbled, particularly for portable electronics. After becoming the largest end use sector for cobalt in 2021, EVs gained further ground in 2022 and now account for 40% of total cobalt market end use demand. Dec 9, 2024 · Cobalt Blue has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Mount Isa City Council (MICC) to develop a solution to a looming sulphuric acid supply shortage. It is also worth considering Co Aug 15, 2023 · Meanwhile, for that scenario, material flow analysis suggests that cobalt demand in 2050 would increase to 93. Jan 8, 2025 · By 1960, cobalt sourced from Africa meant that the U. Is there a shortage? What are the long-term prospects? Wiens: Well, the first thing to know is that there are about 22 reactors producing Cobalt today, which is approximately a 20 percent increase from just five years ago, and five companies, including Nordion, that ship finished Cobalt sources to Dec 10, 2024 · In addition, he notes that a looming cobalt shortage threatens to strain global supply chains as demand for battery technologies continues to grow. 3% in 2022 on supply growth and easing supply chain bott Feb 7, 2022 · Benchmark Mineral Intelligence notes that battery-grade cobalt prices are up 119% from January 1, 2020 through mid-January 2022. Demand projections encompass both clean energy applications and other uses, focusing on the three IEA Scenarios – the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), the Announced Pledges . The price of cobalt has seen dramatic swings from US$30 kg –1 to US$90 kg –1 in the past decade and has recently experienced a steeper price increase to US$50 kg –1 compared to that of nickel and copper (Figure 1b). On a global basis, the leading use of cobalt is in rechargeable battery electrodes. The prices of essential materials, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, have risen sharply due to heightened demand for electric vehicle batteries. (2020) revealed that the availability of lithium and cobalt for LIB production in China is expected to face considerable shortage risk. 12 November 2020; Cutting cobalt. Mar 1, 2024 · The cobalt market malaise mirrors the dire situation for other key battery metals lithium and nickel. Aug 22, 2022 · Depending on the cathode composition, 80–200 g of cobalt per kWh is usually incorporated into commercial LIBs (Figure 1a). (Ambrose and Kendall, 2020; Dugamin et al. As a result, cobalt metal prices halved from the April peak to year end. Oct 1, 2020 · The rapid consumption of cobalt resources has resulted in challenges to the sustainable development of China's cobalt industry and environmental protection Wang and Ge, 2020): (1) China exhibits a Nov 17, 2020 · Solar panels, wind turbines and batteries need silicon, cobalt, lithium and more to convert and store energy. Dec 29, 2024 · While the share of cobalt in battery chemistry mix is expected to decrease, the absolute demand for cobalt for all applications could rise by 7. More Great WIRED Stories May 17, 2021 · According to the report, the cobalt market grew by 5% year-on-year. The May 17, 2024 · The world is facing a shortage of the minerals needed to make the electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar panels, and other clean energy technologies essential to ending its reliance on fossil fuels. (2020) quantified the criticality of LIBs in China through introducing an integrated index, taking into account the impacts of material supply, economic fluctuations, and technology innovation from 2015 to 2030, and indicated a significant risk of shortage in the supply of lithium and cobalt. Prepared by Kim B. Source: Hillcrest Consulting research estimates Nov 1, 2024 · Cobalt (Co), another strategically vital metal, is renowned for its unique physical and chemical properties, making it essential for a wide range of metallurgical and chemical applications (Tkaczyk et al. 10, 2020 — Scientists have improved a Jan 1, 2024 · With the booming development of China's new energy vehicle market, China has become the world's largest new energy vehicle market (BUSINESS, 2020; IEA, 2022). This story originally appeared on WIRED UK . Mar 15, 2022 · a The regional cumulative primary demand (gross demand minus secondary supply) under the seven scenarios from 2020 to 2050; b shares of domestic reserves by region in 2019; c shares of total reserves (domestic reserves plus overseas cobalt reserve ownership 88) by region in 2019 and the primary cobalt supply security level during 2020–2050 Jan 1, 2023 · And there are also some illegal cobalt mining and unauthorized cobalt trading activities due to the imperfection of Congolese legal regulations (Katz-Lavigne, 2020). In addition, the price of cobalt tripled from 2016 to 2018, mainly due to a shortage in the supply of imported cobalt ore from the DRC due to increased demand for cobalt for Nov 29, 2022 · Cobalt is one of the most important components of lithium-ion batteries as it maximizes the energy density and extends battery life. Mar 4, 2022 · Later on, the metal resources shortage degree gradually decreases as the metal supply capacity strengthens and the passenger car ownership approaches saturation level. cobalt shortages Anqi Zeng 1,2,3,8, Wu Chen2,8, (1998-2019) and future (2020-2050) global cobalt cycles covering both traditional and emerging end uses with regional resolution (China, the U. With these expected increases in demand, cobalt (Co)-dependent technologies face the risk of significant impact from supply concentration and mining limitations in the short term. cobalt supply consisted of imports and secondary (scrap) materials. Approximately six companies in the United States produced cobalt chemicals. , 2020; Wang and Ge, 2020): (1) China exhibits a serious shortage of cobalt reserves and heavily relies on raw material imports; (2) a large amount of cobalt loss occurs during Aug 1, 2023 · This is followed by cobalt, while nickel appears to be relatively risk-free in terms of short-term supply. Intermediates, in turn, are processed into refined cobalt (mainly chemicals and mostly in China), consumed in battery manufacturing (mostly in Asia) and then portable electronics and automotive applications. Even with recycling in place, BEVs would require 6. 5% a year from 2023 and 2030, McKinsey estimates Conversion of cobalt targets into cobalt-60 can take between 18 months and five years, depending on the type of reactor and the location of the cobalt in the reactor. The sudden limitation in supply has created fears of a sustained shortage, worsening pre-existing concerns about the stability of cobalt supply chains. May 30, 2019 · Moreover, the forecasted market balance for cobalt projects a small surplus in 2020 (EU Commission, 2014) and a very high level of risk of cobalt shortage by 2050 (Sun et al. , 2019). A semiconductor chip shortage softened the need for cobalt, and the continuing spread of the covid Jul 1, 2021 · CRU forecasts cobalt demand from electric vehicles to account for more than 120,000 tonnes, or nearly 45% of the total, by 2025 compared with nearly 39,000 tonnes, or 27%, in 2020. , 2018; Wang and Ge, 2020). 00), as well as the concentration of global cobalt refining capacity in China. Own the origins. Volkswagen attempted to secure 5 full years’ worth of supply recently. yufz sjryya svycsp opt qnv bmnrgnd ifgkz atic hsa slroow riiitmb cylk ellnle ydet novzfn