Fhwa substructure design example. Performing Organization Code 7.

Fhwa substructure design example Department of maintained by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Bridges and Structures as FHWA Report No. Federal Highway Administration. 3. The Circular presents state-of-the-practice guidance on the design of shallow foundation support of highway bridges. Two different forms of fonts are used throughout the example. FHWA-NHI-05-042 and FHWA-NHI-05-043, Authors: Hannigan, P. 0. Determine the elastic deformation based AASHTO LRFD Design Example for a Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge. Design Step 2 - Example Bridge Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Example 2. The substructure consists of integral end abutments and a multi-column intermediate bent. FHWA-IF-12-052 published in November 2012, and FHWA Report No. 4. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. Determine Resistance Factors for Design 10. In such cases, the proposed design must be thoroughly documented for review and approval by the Department and, if required, by FHWA. 10), May 2010 Jun 26, 2010 · Bridge Design by Xanthakos, Modern Concrete Bridge Design by Heins Industry References: PCI Design of Concrete Highway Bridges, AISC Design of Steel Highway Structures, FHWA Bridge design examples (superstructure and substructure) - just search for the FHWA bridge design examples or go to the FHWA website and look around. At d below the cap (that is, the transition between the B- and D-regions), a free are demonstrated. Domenic Coletti, PE (HDR) and James Sheahan, PE (HDR) 9. Keeley and S. Design Abutment Footing Section 5 Design Step 7. The design examples are organized into three parts that correspond to chapters in the AISC Specification and cover the design of structural steel members and connections using Load and Resistance Factor Vertical ground anchors can be used for foundation elements subject to uplifting or overturning. 10 - Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and LRFD Design Methods 2018 : FHWA-NHI-18-024 (28MB) GEC: Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. November 2023. Piles. For example, S5. left shoulder. Burrows, P. The worked LRFD design examples address strength, service and extreme limit state considerations for a two span bridge structure in highly variable subsurface conditions. substructure (abutments). During thermal expansion and contraction, the superstructure and substructure move together into and away from the backfill. 1 EXAMPLE 1: BRIDGE PIER ON NATURAL SOIL DEPOSITS – GEC6-EXAMPLE 1 H. 19, pp. . EXAMPLE BRIDGE 2. 10 End Bent Live Load Analysis 3. pdf) (May, 2019) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge Superstructures (. To calculate these loads, the steel girder setting temperature is required. Design Pier Footing Section 5 Design Step 8. Commentary for 17: Design includes: Design for flexure, Design for shear, Check crack control. DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE This design example is intended to provide guidance on the application of the AASHTO-LRFD Report No. Commentary for 14: Design includes: Design for flexure, Design for shear, Check crack control. May 1, 2010 · This manual embraces both construction and design of drilled shafts, and addresses the following topics: applications of drilled shafts for transportation structure foundations; general requirements for subsurface investigations; construction means and methods; LRFD principles and overall design process; geotechnical design of drilled shafts Jun 27, 2017 · U. 4 Detailed Design 15 3. The superstructure consists of two simple spans made continuous for live loads. Sep 27, 2021 · LRFD Design Examples. 2 Girder geometry and section properties 2. Essential to the foundation engineer’s study is a rational method of design, whereby various foundation types are systematically U. Introduction 2. 2 In that example, a frame is analyzed for a critical load combination using traditional two-dimensional frame analysis tools. Performing Organization Report No. Also included in the document are two detailed design examples and technical specifications for ground anchors and for anchored walls. 5 Field Reviews and Design Changes 19 3. • Bowles Foundations Analysis and Design, Ch. Likins and F. Example bridge 2. Design widenings for existing structures using HL93. Integral abutments are used to eliminate expansion joints at the end of a bridge. FOREWORD . According to FHWA, the axial capacity of a drilled shaft may be calculated as: Qt = Qs Jun 27, 2017 · Design Abutment Stem Section 5 Design Step 7. 9 - Design and Analysis of Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations 2018 UMD 9. 2 of AASHTO-LRFD specifications while 5. 6. 02 Pier Cap Live Load Analysis 3. Chapters 5 and 6, together with the detailed bridge foundation design examples presented in Appendix B, provide the practical information necessary to complete shallow foundation design for a highway bridge. View example in PDF format. An important breakthrough in the design of earth retaining structures (ERS) that occurred in STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING FORUM OF INDIA | Structural Engineers Mar 7, 2024 · LFD and LRFD design examples • NSBA o Update for LRFD and a few new chapters • FHWA o Provided funding to update and complete in 2012 o Updated again in 2016 • NSBA o NSBA took back over in 2021 and performed the most recent update NSBA Steel Bridge Design Handbook NYSDOT Geotechnical Page 11-2 February 29, 2016 Design Manual (Intentionally left blank) and Foundation Support PUBLICATION NO. Performing Organization Code 7. J. FHWA-HRT-13-046 OCTOBER 2013 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 . This document is offered in Standard International (SI) Units. Original Author(s) Domenic Coletti, PE (HDR) and James Sheahan, PE (HDR) 4. 1 Subsurface Condition The subsurface conditions given in Example C1 of FHWA Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. Spans: Two spans at 110 ft. FHWA-HIF-16-002 This design example illustrates the design calculations for a curved foundation design. Conversely, stiff substructure units are detailed with expansion bearings between the superstructure and substructure to reduce the design loads in the Due to the differences between the substructure design process by ASD and LRFD, FHWA sponsored development of this training course to present the fundamentals of LRFD to bridge design engineers, geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists and others who are responsible for design of bridge substructures using the AASHTO LRFD Specification. soft rock) follows O’Neill and Reese (1998) and O’Neil et. 2 The example illustrates the step-by-step process of designing link slabs to replace the expansion joints on a four-span superstructure. 15 2. This design example includes five major design steps. Limit States For substructure design, foundation design at the service limit state includes settlement and lateral displacement. 2 unless design for a special vehicle is specified or warranted. 04 Pier Cap Design 3. An accompanying document in US Customary Units is offered under report No. Regular font is used for This document presents comprehensive design examples for driven pile foundations for highway bridge structures. The requirements of the 9th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD DESIGN EXAMPLES 1. Shown on plans type and length of permanent steel casing/pipe/HSS. Draw Sep 1, 2016 · The worked design examples supplement the material presented in FHWA-NHI-16-009 and FHWA-NHI-16-010, the primary FHWA guidance documents on driven pile foundations. For substructure widths greater than 100 feet, a minimum of two investigation points per substructure. Establish Minimum Diameter and Depth for Lateral Loads 11. 0 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 20 4. 3 Direct Supervision 21 Oct 28, 2022 · The need for design exceptions and design variances must be identified early in the design phase, so approval or denials do not delay completion of the design or require extensive redesign. 5. The groundwater ii i iiii ii llllll 1111111111111111 pb95-170262 table of contents chapter 1. 12. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. 88 feet for transverse forces as shown in Figure 3. Flexural design is based on the concept of zero tension under dead load to ensure that any cracks that form close upon removal of live load. Commentary for 15: Design includes: Design for flexure, Design for shear (one-way and two-way), Crack control. December 1994, Vol. introduction . Publication No. 08 Pier Pile Vertical Load Design 3. FHWA NHI -05-094, “LRFD for Highway Sep 3, 2020 · FHWA NHI-04-041 LRFD Design Example for Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge Design Step P is used for pile foundation design for the abutments, wingwalls, or piers. Jul 1, 2015 · The manual is based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Seventh Edition, 2014, with Interim Revisions through 2015. Mar 8, 2023 · It includes design computations for elements like the concrete deck, steel girders, bolted field splice, shear connectors, and substructure elements. Design of steel reinforcement. Government Accession No. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address National Steel Bridge Alliance, a division of the American Institute of Steel Construction Chapter 7 Substructure Design Contents 1. al (1996). This reaction from the live load uniform load is distributed over a 10 ft. H. Report No. 12. Jun 27, 2017 · The effects of the change in superstructure length due to temperature changes and, in some cases, due to concrete shrinkage, are typically considered in the design of the substructure. For design of the pier, a conservative assumption is to design for the contributory area of 85. Loads due to temperature: S3. WASHINGTON, DC 20590. For this abutment design example, two horizontal temperature loads need to be calculated: load due to temperature rise and load due to temperature fall. Flowcharts show the design process and step-by-step calculations are provided with commentary. For substructure design, the maximum number of 12 ft. g. Design Step P. Each design example is based on the 8th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. A substructure is the interfacing element between the superstructure and the underlying soil or rock. Goble, G. 7 mb) Cover Page Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Figure 2 shows details of a Caltrans Type 7B retaining wall. Is a pile foundation being used? Design Step P. E. FHWA West Virginia Division The design example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge design engineers with the implementation of the AASHTOLRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Thendean, G. The design steps included are general information, deck design, prestressed concrete girder design, bearing design, and substructure design (integral abutment and intermediate pier and foundation design). 6 (GEC6), Appendix C (Kimmerling, 2002) are summarized in Table H-1. This technical area provides method and procedural guidance concerning the selection, design, performance, specification, installation, quality assurance/quality control, construction monitoring, construction inspection, and static and dynamic load-testing associated with structural foundations for transportation applications. For example, vertical ground anchors are utilized inCaltrans Type 7 retaining wall design to resist overturning of the wall. , G. pdf) (September, 2015) Engineering for Structural Stability in Bridge Construction (. ; This manual is an updated and revised version of FHWA SA-97-070 prepared by DBM Contractors Inc. FHWA-IF-12-052 - Vol. 537 - 551 • FHWA NHI-10-016 - Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and LRFD Design Methods (Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. The previous development and maintenance of the Handbook by the Apr 23, 2012 · The axial capacity of driven piles in sand is possibly the area of greatest uncertainty in foundation design (Randolph, et al. 7 Design Step 8. Examples address pile design in various soil profiles, including cohesionless, cohesive, and layered soils, as well as pile design on hard rock. Cast-in-Place Flat Slab Bridge Design. 4. Author(s) 8. 52'-0" gutter line-to-gutter line (Three lanes 12'- 0" wide each, 10 ft. 11 Stanwix Street Suite 800 Pittsburgh, PA 15222 11. The bridge is to be strengthened to meet HL-93 design loading (Existing Jun 28, 2000 · U. Foundation design at the strength limit state includes bearing resistance, limiting eccentricity (excessive loss of contact), sliding at the base of the footing, and structural resistance. 05 Pier Column Design Loads 3. 03 Pier Cap Design Loads 3. 1 purpose and scope . The manual addresses design aspects including subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, pile selection, aspects of geotechnical and structural limit states, as well as technical specifications. 137-187. 1, 2). For this steel girder design example, a plate girder will be designed for an HL-93 live load. Title and Subtitle Steel Bridge Design Handbook Design Example 2B: Two-Span Substructure Design - Chapter 16; Bridge Deck Design - Chapter 17; Load Rating of Steel Bridges - Chapter 18; Corrosion Protection of Steel Bridge - Chapter 19; Design Example Appendices. 13 Ground Modification Methods Reference Manual - Volume II 2017 Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books complete design example (specifically, design example 3) in the manual for an STM course offered by the National Highway Institute. This Manual is intended for state DOT bridge and structures engineers and practicing bridge engineers who are responsible for concrete bridge design and evaluation. • Geotechnical Manual, “Foundation Reports for Earth Retaining Systems” • Geotechnical Manual, “ Seismic Design of Earth Retaining Systems” For design cases where guidance provided in the above documents is not applicable, refer to other FHWA reference manuals including . , 4 lanes, is considered) Railings: Sep 25, 2024 · Email: flh. FHWA 46 |ASPIRE Summer 2021 underlying substructure elements (Fig. 13 Ground Modification Methods Reference Manual - Volume I 2017 : FHWA-NHI-16-027 (19 mb) GEC: Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 07 Pier Foundation Design Loads 3. diversified systems and their many benefits, now faced with the the design engineer is difficult task of having to select the best possible system; design the structure; and ensure its proper construction. For superstructure design, the location of the driving lanes can be anywhere on the structure. pdf) (April, 2015) Jul 15, 2022 · Comprehensive Design Examples 2016 : FHWA-NHI-16-009 FHWA-NHI-16-010 FHWA-NHI-16-064 GEC: Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. FOREWORD superstructure and substructure elements below them. Show load rating and design loads on the bridge plan sheets, for example, HS20 (Existing) HL93 (New). • Appendix B includes five worked design examples of shallow foundations for highway bridges based on Service Load Design methodology. The design example and commentary are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge design engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. FHWA NHI-04-043. Considerations for secondary associated applications such as excavation support and liquefaction mitigation are also discussed. In addition to the change in superstructure length, the substructure member lengths also change due to temperature change and concrete shrinkage. 6 Assurance Statements 19 3. 16, “Substructure Design”, which is in the public domain. 8 mb) Jun 27, 2017 · Comprehensive Design Example for Prestressed Concrete (PSC) Girder Superstructure Bridge With Commentary. FHWA-RC-23-0004 . This manual also addresses LRFD analysis and design requirements and recommendations of the seismic provisions in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, and the NCHRP Report 611 from NCHRP Project 12-70 “Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried Structures, Slopes Performance and Design Criteria” FHWA Conf. It provides worked examples following FHWA guidance documents and AASHTO specifications. Design example includes detailed design computations for the superstructure and substructure. HDR, Inc. New - FDOT Straight Steel I-Girder Design Criteria. I, pp. Key Words the design of pretensioned caps as part of the original substructure design. Shown on plans grout •compressive strength. Design examples to demonstrate the flow of formulations and decisions that are executed during bridge substructure design. Key Words Deep mixing, Design manual, Case histories, Quality For substructure (e. Design Methodology The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) design of drilled shafts founded in sand, clay, and intermediate geomaterial (i. The examples demonstrate the full design process (UHPC) Link Slab Design Example . There are no bearings or expansion joints. Additional information is presented about the design assumptions, methodology, and criteria for the entire bridge, including the Pile Foundation Design. superstructure. foundation types based on the information in the following primary references: FHWA (2006a) Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations - Vol. 06 Pier Column Design 3. I and II, Report No. 2 Use of Seal 20 4. US Customary Units. FHWA-HIF-16-002 published in December 2015. substructure are dependent on the geometry and type of bridge. NHI Course 130081 - Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge Superstructures, Design Examples (PDF, 7. 1 QUALITY MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS 20 4. width and the reaction from the truck is applied as two concentrated loads 6 ft. DiMaggio, P. and Barry Siel, P. Return to Main Flowchart. 107. 01 Dead Loads 3. 3 Conceptual Design 15 3. gov Phone: 202-366-9494 If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services. anchors, design of wall components to resist lateral and vertical loads, evaluation of overall anchored system stability, and seismic design of anchored systems. , 1994), and many methods are available for predicting pile capacity. See Figure 1 for an example of a FIAB. each Win money and prizes for original safety research! The Excellence in Highway Safety Data Award encourages undergraduate and graduate students to use roadway data to research a safety topic and prepare for a career in highway safety. Armour, P. General Deep Foundation Design Flow Chart for Drilled Iowa Department of Transportation Jun 27, 2017 · 55'-4 ½" total. pdf, 8 mb) Post-Tensioned Box Girder Design Manual (. 863-886 • Foundation Engineering handbook, Ch. The following units are defined for use in this design example: Jun 27, 2017 · The steel girder design criteria are obtained from Figures 3-1 through 3-3 (shown below), from the concrete deck design example, and from the referenced articles and tables in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (through 2002 interims). 1 Professional Practice Guidelines 20 4. 2 refers to Article 5. Bridge Abutment Design March 17, 2015 Page 41 references to sections of the design example, the references to specification articles are preceded by the letter “S”. Establish Diameter and Depth for Axial Loads. The implementation of AASHTO LRFD for geotechnical design for bridge foundations will lead to savings or to equivalent foundation costs compared with ASD methods. pdf) (July, 2016) Design Examples (. The design is implemented in accordance with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) policies published as of 09/30/2022. Jun 27, 2017 · Is a pile foundation being used? Design Pier Piles S10. FHWA-HIF-16-002 - Vol. May 16, 2020 · This document provides an introduction and table of contents for the American Institute of Steel Construction Design Examples Version 14. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 202-366-4000 GRL Engineers for Deep Foundation Testing Services (UHPC) Link Slab Design Example . The goal is to aid bridge engineers in implementing LRFD specifications. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 202-366-4000 For substructure design, foundation design at the service limit state includes settlement, lateral displacement and overall stability. The example is for a steel simple-span composite Apr 12, 2024 · Comprehensive Design Examples 2016 : FHWA-NHI-16-009 FHWA-NHI-16-010 FHWA-NHI-16-064 GEC: Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. Work Unit No. Comprehensive Design Example for Prestressed Concrete (PSC) Girder Superstructure Bridge Design Step 7 Design of Substructure Design Step 7. • Chapter 6 describes the shallow foundation design process for bridge foundation support on spread footings. Dec 1, 2023 · FHWA DSDM – Reference to FHWA DSDM in this section shall be considered a reference to FHWA-NHI-10-016 – Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and LRFD Design Methods Foundation Design. 09 Pier Footing Design 3. This document consists of a comprehensive design example of a prestressed concrete girder bridge. 202-366-4000 Steel Bridges: Substructure Design – S08-005 This course was adapted from the US Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. 1 Bridge geometry and materials 2. DESIGN EXAMPLE 77 INTRODUCTION 3. to plan, design, construct, and monitor deep mixing projects for embankment and foundation support applications. The duty of the foundation design specialist is to establish the most economical design that safely conforms to prescribed structural criteria and properly accounts for the intended function of the structure. For example, flexible substructure units supported by a single line of piles may be constructed integral with the superstructure. Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Substructure Design December 2015 6. 7 Additional Services 19 4. FHWA NHI-04-043, NTIS number PB2005 Section 3: Substructure Design 3. Draw Schematic of Final Pier Design Design Step 8. , bridge piers or abutments) widths less than or equal to 100 feet, a minimum of one investigation point per substructure. Recipient’s Catalog No. Design Example 1: Three-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge; Design Example 2A: Two-Span Continuous Straight Composite Steel I-Girder Bridge Structural Foundations. Rate existing structures in accordance with the Bridge Inspection Manual. The previous development and maintenance of the Handbook by the Splice Design Bearings Substructure Design Deck Design Load Rating Corrosion Protection of Bridges Design Example: Three-span Continuous Straight I-Girder Bridge Design Example: Two-span Continuous Straight I-Girder Bridge Design Example: Two-span Continuous Straight Wide-Flange Beam Bridge Caltrans Geotechnical Manual FHWA COTR – Larry Jones; FHWA Technical Consultants: Jerry A. Sharma; June 2000. Use HL93 design live load as described in Article 3. Title and Subtitle Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Bearing Design maintained by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Bridges and Structures as FHWA Report No. Substructure This example demonstrates basic design features for design of a pier consisting of a concrete pier cap with rectangular columns supported on individual drilled shafts. i – Example: If the driven resistance ( R ndr) is equal to 600 kips, then the factored resistance ( R r) is equal to 300 kips using the modified Gates formula. 11 End Bent Design Loads Manual for Refined Analysis in Bridge Design and Evaluation (. 22 2. Additional investigation points should be provided if erratic subsurface conditions are encountered. The substructure has been analyzed in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4 th Edition, 2007 and the 2008 Interim Revisions. Report in PDF Format (1. 2 of the design example. View example in PDF format (Design Example 2) Download example as a Mathcad Workbook (Zip) Adhesive Anchor Examples. Ahlskog Description: This design example, steel truss member strengthening, involves the addition of steel cover plates to steel truss members, one-tension member and one-compression member. 17. provides examples of cyclical and condition-based This document updates and replaces FHWA NHI-05-042 and FHWA NHI-05-043 as the primary FHWA guidance and reference document on driven pile foundations. and authored by T. S. This module provides an overview of many issues One common procedure is as follows: Live load reaction on the intermediate pier from one traffic lane is determined. 1. At the end, a roadmap for development of LRFD design guidance that consists of LRFD design specifications and delivery processes for bridge foundations is discussed. Despite the extensive amount of research in this area, the appropriateness and accuracy of current design methods are often questioned (Randolph, et FHWA NHI - 04-043 PB2005-108586 7. DRILLED SHAFTS 1. The design example was developed by ve d for the FHWA / national highway institute. Geotechnical Jun 27, 2017 · Refer to Design Step 1 for introductory information about this design example. 1200 NEW JERSEY AVENUE, SE. Flow: 1 go to 2 2 Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Substructure Design December 2015 6. Shay K. , Federal Highway Administration, U. right shoulder and 6 ft. A recent FHWA report, Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) Link Slab Design Example, presents a design example for a UHPC link slab. required Provide general foundation design information and foundation factored design loads (MTD 3-1, Attachment 1 Tables 3-4 and 3-5). wide lanes, i. Aug 1, 2015 · The design examples, as well as the training course, are based on the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Seventh Edition, 2014, with Interim Revisions through 2015. 14, pp. 10. Example Illustrating the New FDOT Structure Design Guidelines (SDG) Criteria for Straight Steel I-Girder (SSI Jun 27, 2017 · For this design example, a surcharge reduction is not accounted for. apart. The first design example includes a series of flowcharts that present the general design steps required for the design of a steel plate girder bridge. Rausche. G. (It should be noted that the substructure design steps are based on a previous version of 1. Shear design recommendations modify the American Association of State Highway and Transportation 1. 1 Bridge geometry and materials Bridge superstructure geometry Superstructure type: Reinforced concrete deck supported on simple span prestressed girders made continuous for live load. • Appendix C includes practical guidance on the use of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methodology for shallow foundation design and reworks two of the design examples from Appendix B using LRFD. e. 1 - Integral Abutment Design General considerations and common practices. Revision Author(s) Domenic Coletti, PE (HDR) 5. Finalize Structural Design of the Drilled Shafts and Connection to Structure (or cap) Evaluate Other Deep Foundation Systems i. 3 Effective flange width 3 This design example includes five major design steps. Sep 1, 2002 · This document is FHWA's primary reference of recommended design and procurement procedures for shallow foundations. S3. Contract or Grant No. webmaster@dot. 2 refers to Section 5. Report Date February 2022 3. Groneck, J. 3 Foundation Design. Design Example – Steel Truss Member Strengthening, FHWA-HIF-18-042 Author: C. Design examples and commentary throughout the manual are intended to serve as a guide to aid bridge engineers with the implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. (It should be noted that the substructure design steps are based on a previous version of While the main focus of the Steel Bridge Design Handbook is the design of steel girder superstructures, the overall design process associated with the design of substructures is equally important. Steel Bridge Design Handbook Chapter 16: Substructure Design 2. 11. lfc yjmsj psobdpi dzch zuqeez nxfq hnz scsu kbbtpaz agatid tkjzx sjgabd zzvdsnr emkui ztrmiuh